Which camels have two humps

However, female kurt hybrids are often back-crossed with pure Bactrian camels. In such cases, F2 kurt 1 give birth to an F3 hybrid named kurt-nar 1 while F3 kurt 2 produce an F4 hybrid named kurt-nar 2 Kazakhstan Patent Database a.

These areas of hair growth are absent in pure dromedaries while these are always present in varying degree in hybrids. A three-breed cross can be carried out crossing an F4 kurt-nar 2 hybrid with a Kazakh dromedary producing a new type of F5 hybrid called baytur Kazakhstan Patent Database c.

A three-breed cross is also done crossing a female F2 kurt 1 with the Kazakh dromedary male to obtain a new type of F3 hybrid named bai-nar Kazakhstan Patent Database Bai-nar may occasionally be crossed with the new Kazakh dromedary or a pure-bred Bactrian camel, generating hybrids that are reported to reach maturity at an earlier age. One can also cross an F3 kurt 2 again with a Kazakh dromedary male to obtain a new type of F4 hybrid named bekdas.

Finally, bekdas can be back-crossed with a Kazakh dromedary producing a new type of F5 hybrid named bekdas-nar Kazakhstan Patent Database d. Figure 16 illustrates the various steps. It begins by crossing a male of the new Kazakh dromedary with a female F1 iner-maya to produce a new F2 hybrid named bayshin. This will then be back-crossed with a pure male Bactrian camel generating a new F3 hybrid named baykazhy-nar.

Females of this new hybrid will be further back-crossed with a male Turkmen dromedary producing a new F4 hybrid named ardas which will be back-crossed again with a Kazakh dromedary to produce a new F5 hybrid named sannak Baimukanov et al. The Kazakh Hybridization Method has been further modified by Kazakh scientists. Two main breeding plans have been developed, one involving crossing the nar-maya with the newly developed breed of Kazakh dromedary and another one using the Turkmen breed of dromedary.

Figure 17 schematically shows the first approach. It is a three-way cross using the newly developed breed Kazakh dromedary. The F1 nar-maya is back-crossed with a male of Kazakh dromedary to produce a new F2 hybrid named aydaramir-arada.

This hybrid will be then back-crossed to a Bactrian camel to produce a new F3 hybrid named aydaramir-nar that will be again back-crossed to a dromedary of the Turkmen breed to produce a new F4 hybrid named aydaramir-kurt. This latest hybrid will finally be back-crossed to the new breed of Kazakh dromedary obtaining a new F5 hybrid named aydaramir Baimukanov et al.

The second hybridization strategy consists of crossing the F1 nar-maya with a male dromedary of the Turkmen breed to obtain an F2 hybrid arada-kurt also named Dostik 1. This hybrid will be crossed with the new breed of Kazakh dromedary obtaining a new F3 hybrid named arada-nar. The new breed has a Bactrian camel genetic make-up of F2 arada-kurt may also be used to develop a line of hybrids named Dostik by back-crossing repeatedly with dromedaries of the Turkmen breed.

The mating generates an F3 hybrid named Dostik 2 and subsequently an F4 hybrid Dostik 3. These latest hybrids are bred among each other and generate an F5 hybrid simply named type Dostik 3 Baimukanov et al. Modern variations of the Kazakh Hybridization Method leading to the production of new hybrids: dromedary type Dostik 3 , arada , and aydaramir.

The second variation of the Kazakh Hybridization Method is shown in Fig. With this breeding method, the F1 nar-maya is back-crossed to a male Bactrian camel to produce an F2 hybrid named kospak 1 or bal-kospak. This hybrid is then further back-crossed with a Bactrian male to obtain a new F3 hybrid named kopsak 2 or myrza kospak , and again to obtain a new F4 hybrid named kospak 3 or nar-kospak Kazakhstan Patent Database b.

All the hybrid kospaks can be back-crossed with Turkmen dromedaries to produce various types of hybrids named kez-nars.

Baidara may occasionally be crossed with the new Kazakh dromedary or a pure-bred Bactrian camel as this seems to increase early reproductive maturity. The Kazakh dromedary is also utilized by crossing it with a female F5 kez-nar 3 to produce a new F6 hybrid sixth filial generation named baidasbeck Kazakhstan Patent Database b.

Recently, a variation of this scheme has been added by utilizing the larger breed of Bactrian camel: Kalmyk breed Fig. When crossing a female F3 kospak with a male Bactrian camel of Kalmyk breed, a valuable new F3 hybrid is obtained named bereket-kospak , which produces a new F4 hybrid named bereket-nar when crossed with a male Turkmen dromedary Kazakhstan Patent Database a.

Bactrian camel stud of the Kalmyk breed. The main objective of dromedary and Bactrian camel cross-breeding practices developed by Kazakh and Russian scientists has been to develop a camel breed with higher milk production capabilities than the Bactrian camel as well as the ability to survive the harsh climate of Central Asia essentially in a free-range situation. The climatic conditions of such regions are characterized by hot summers and snowbound winters with severe sub-zero temperatures.

Numerous hybrids with such qualities have been developed. Of particular interest are bainar , baykazhy , aydaramir-arada , aydaramir-nar , baidasbeck , and baidar hybrids which have a higher milk production than the Turkmen dromedary.

Meanwhile the F2 hybrids: bayshin , and aidaramyr-nar , all F4 hybrids excluding kurt 3 and F5 hybrids sannak, and aidaramyr have a higher live weight than the dromedary and the Bactrian camel.

The work of Russian and Kazakh researchers Baimukanov et al. Breeding hybrid males is not recommended except F5 kurt 4, F4 Dostik 3 , F3 arada-nar. All hybrids have greater productive longevity than dromedary and Bactrian camels with F1 nar-maya and F3 kez-nar capable of 7.

When F1 hybrids breed among themselves, the positive effects of heterosis are completely absent and the resulting F2 hybrid, named jarbay , is an unfit animal. Hybrid calves have a higher birth weight F1 mean birth weight, Their growth rate is also higher.

Higher percentages of dromedary genes in a hybrid increases overall milk production due to: longer and more abundant lactation; improves udder size and conformation including better quarters symmetry and development; increased teats spacing, size, and downward direction.

However, this also reduces fat percentage in milk, reduces wool production and early maturity as well as adaptability to colder climates. Higher percentage of Bactrian camel genes in a hybrid increases wool production, live weight, and fat percentage in milk but decreases lactation length and absolute milk yield.

The length of pregnancy also increases. All hybrids have a gestation length shorter than the one of the Bactrian camel mean Dromedary genes shorten the duration of pregnancy. F4 hybrids have a gestation length closest to the Turkmen and Kazakh dromedary. All hybrids have a lower fat percentage in milk than that of Bactrian camels mean 5. Camel hybridization may play an important role in enhancing camel productivity in all areas of Central Asia that presently keep only Bactrian camels because of the inability of dromedaries to survive in the Central Asian climate.

Indeed, trends toward increasing camel milk production utilizing hybrids are already detectable in areas of Kazakhstan Imamura et al. In many areas of Kazakhstan, dromedaries, Bactrian camels, and their hybrids are free-ranging and naturally intermingling Fig.

In such conditions, unsupervised mating may occur and go unrecorded. The identification of hybrid camels based on phenotypic characters is unreliable, particularly for later stage hybrids such as F4-F6 Table 1 and Fig.

Rigorous pedigree recording, combined with permanent camel identification, are therefore better tools to clearly identify individual hybrids and the exact genetic contributions of dromedary and Bactrian camel to their genetic make-up. The increasing availability of advanced techniques for genetic and parentage testing will allow a better understanding of the genetics of dromedary, Bactrian camel, and their hybrids, possibly permitting the detection of valuable genetic traits related to increased productivity or adaptability Burger et al.

Adamova, A. The iconography of a camel fight. Muqarnas Online 21 1 : 1— Article Google Scholar. Baimukanov, A. Baimukanov, D. Doshanov, O. Alikhanov, and S. In Actual problems of agriculture in the mountainous territories: Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference , — Google Scholar. Baimukanov, and V. Interspecific hybridization of camels. Cheboksary: [in Russian].

Akimbekov, M. Omarov, K. Ishan, K. Aubakirov, and A. Productive and biological features of Camelus Bactrianus - Camelus Dromedarius in conditions of Kazakhstan. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 89 3 : — Almaty: Bastau [in Russian]. Alikhanov, D. Baimukanov, and Y. Baimukanov, O. Doshanov, K. Iskhan, and D. Genetics of the productive profile of camels of different genotypes of the Kazakhstan population. Baimukanov, M. Tokhanov, U. Uldashbaev, and D. Breeding and genetic monitoring of dromedary group camels of south Kazakhstan population.

Baimukanov, Y. Yuldashbaev, K. Ishan, D. Alikhanov, and D. Productivity of the camels dromedary of the Kazakh type F4. Bartosiewicz, L. Camels in antiquity: The Hungarian connection. Antiquity — Camels in antiquity: Roman period finds from Slovenia. Bulliet, R. The camel and the wheel. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Of Turks and camels. In Cotton, climate, and camels in early Islamic Iran: A moment in world history , 96— Columbia University Press. Burckhardt, J. Burger, P.

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Caravans, camel wrestling and cowrie shells: Towards a social zooarchaeology of camel hybridization in Anatolia and adjacent regions. Anthropozoologica 49 2 : — De Grossi Mazzorin, J. In Studi di Archeozoologia in onore di Alfredo Riedel , ed. Sala and U. Tecchiati, — Bolzano; Provincia di Bolzano. Italy: Edipuglia s. Dioli, M. The missing hump: A clarification on the reported two-humped stage in the embryonic development of the dromedary Camelus dromedarius.

Journal of Camel Practice and Research 21 2 : — Camels in Europe: A brief history of camel hybrids and camel breeding in Europe over the last years. Erdogan, vol. Dzhumagulov, I. Timiryazev Moscow Agricultural Academy, Moscow. Faye, B. The encounter between Bactrian and dromedary camels in Central Asia. In Camels in Asia and North Africa: Interdisciplinary perspectives on their past and present significance , ed. Knoll and P. Burger, 28— Fraser, J. Narrative of a journey into Khorasan, in the years and including some account of the countries to the north-east of Persia.

London: Longman. Galik, A. Mohandesan, G. Forstenpointner, U. Scholz, E. Ruiz, M. Krenn, and P. A sunken ship of the desert at the river Danube in Tulln, Austria.

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Dromedaries easily outnumber Bactrian camels. Experts believe the population of domesticated Bactrian camels is around 2 million. There are more than 14 million Dromedaries around the world. Camels are amazing creatures that have some unique features that make them great working animals. For example, camels have a third eyelid that moves sideways like a windshield wiper on a car. It helps to keep sand out of their eyes. Camels are also extremely strong. They can carry riders or more miles in a day.

Camels can also carry almost 1, pounds on their backs, but they travel shorter distances 25 miles per day or less when carrying such heavy loads. If you ever get the chance to ride a camel, you'll understand that they're intelligent animals that have good eyesight and hearing.

They can also be very noisy — grunting , moaning , bellowing , and roaring to communicate their happiness or displeasure with their situation! Are you ready to learn more about camels? Be sure to check out the following activities with a friend or family member:.

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Be sure to check out the following activities with a friend or family member: Want to read an interesting tale about camels? What do you think? Did the camel deserve his hump? What lesson did you learn from the story? Feeling crafty? With just a few simple supplies, you can make your very own Camel Silhouettes! Share your craft with a friend or family member.

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